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LJ001-0001
Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition
Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition
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LJ001-0002
in being comparatively modern.
in being comparatively modern.
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LJ001-0003
For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process
For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process
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LJ001-0004
produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,
produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,
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LJ001-0005
the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.
the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.
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LJ001-0006
And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,
And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,
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LJ001-0007
the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about 1455,
the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about fourteen fifty-five,
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LJ001-0008
has never been surpassed.
has never been surpassed.
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LJ001-0009
Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.
Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.
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LJ001-0010
Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,
Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,
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LJ001-0011
it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;
it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;
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LJ001-0012
especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters
especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters
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LJ001-0013
than in the same operations with ugly ones.
than in the same operations with ugly ones.
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LJ001-0014
And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,
And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,
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LJ001-0015
the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.
the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.
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LJ001-0016
The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore
The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore
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LJ001-0017
that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.
that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.
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LJ001-0018
The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,
The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,
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LJ001-0019
and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;
and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;
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LJ001-0020
the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.
the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.
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LJ001-0021
The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation
The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation
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LJ001-0022
of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"
of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"
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LJ001-0023
and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.
and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.
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LJ001-0024
But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year 1462)
But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year fourteen sixty-two)
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LJ001-0025
imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.
imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.
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LJ001-0026
On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,
On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,
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LJ001-0027
especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,
especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,
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LJ001-0028
but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.
but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.
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LJ001-0029
But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used
But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used
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LJ001-0030
a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.
a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.
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LJ001-0031
In 1465 Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,
In fourteen sixty-five Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,
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LJ001-0032
and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,
and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,
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LJ001-0033
but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.
but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.
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LJ001-0034
They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year 1468,
They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year fourteen sixty-eight,
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LJ001-0035
they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.
they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.
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LJ001-0036
But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;
But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;
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LJ001-0037
and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;
and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;
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LJ001-0038
while in 1470 at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.
while in fourteen seventy at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.
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LJ001-0039
The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,
The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,
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LJ001-0040
and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.
and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.
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LJ001-0041
It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,
It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,
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LJ001-0042
and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.
and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.
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LJ001-0043
A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.
A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.
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LJ001-0044
John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,
John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,
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LJ001-0045
1469, 1470;
fourteen sixty-nine, fourteen seventy;
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LJ001-0046
their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.
their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.
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LJ001-0047
Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:
Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:
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LJ001-0048
his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.
his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.
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LJ001-0049
After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by 1490, printing in Venice had declined very much;
After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by fourteen ninety, printing in Venice had declined very much;
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LJ001-0050
and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,
and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,
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LJ001-0051
and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,
and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,
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LJ001-0052
yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact
yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact
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LJ001-0053
they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.
they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.
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LJ001-0054
Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,
Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,
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LJ001-0055
some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.
some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.
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LJ001-0056
It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,
It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,
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LJ001-0057
Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,
Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,
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LJ001-0058
and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,
and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,
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LJ001-0059
the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.
the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.
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LJ001-0060
It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries
It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries
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LJ001-0061
the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.
the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.
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LJ001-0062
Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,
Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,
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LJ001-0063
which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,
which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,
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LJ001-0064
many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.
many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.
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LJ001-0065
This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.
This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.
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LJ001-0066
In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.
In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.
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LJ001-0067
In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.
In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.
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LJ001-0068
The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.
The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.
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LJ001-0069
This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,
This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,
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LJ001-0070
and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.
and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.
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LJ001-0071
Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.
Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.
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LJ001-0072
After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,
After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,
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LJ001-0073
went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:
went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:
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LJ001-0074
the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;
the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;
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LJ001-0075
the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;
the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;
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LJ001-0076
and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.
and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.
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LJ001-0077
In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in 1720)
In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in seventeen twenty)
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LJ001-0078
to improve the letter in form.
to improve the letter in form.
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LJ001-0079
Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;
Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;
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LJ001-0080
he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:
he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:
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LJ001-0081
type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.
type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.
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LJ001-0082
In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.
In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.
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LJ001-0083
The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.
The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.
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LJ001-0084
But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.
But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.
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LJ001-0085
It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,
It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,
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LJ001-0086
are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:
are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:
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LJ001-0087
for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,
for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,
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LJ001-0088
were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;
were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;
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LJ001-0089
but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.
but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.
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LJ001-0090
With this change the art of printing touched bottom,
With this change the art of printing touched bottom,
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LJ001-0091
so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about 1840.
so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about eighteen forty.
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LJ001-0092
The Chiswick press in 1844 revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.
The Chiswick press in eighteen forty-four revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.
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LJ001-0093
This experiment was so far successful that about 1850 Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh
This experiment was so far successful that about eighteen fifty Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh
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LJ001-0094
were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.
were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.
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LJ001-0095
These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,
These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,
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LJ001-0096
have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type
have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type
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LJ001-0097
a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,
a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,
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LJ001-0098
and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.
and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.
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LJ001-0099
It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,
It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,
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LJ001-0100
and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.
and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.
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